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The Cold War The Cold War
1945-19901945-1990
The Cold War DefinedThe Cold War Defined
• A continuing state A continuing state of tensions of tensions between the United between the United States and the States and the Soviet UnionSoviet Union
Development of the Cold Development of the Cold WarWar
• U.S. saw Soviet U.S. saw Soviet Union as threat to Union as threat to their way of lifetheir way of life
• USSR thought they USSR thought they had won WWIIhad won WWII– Lost most livesLost most lives– Wanted to gain land Wanted to gain land
as prizeas prize– Saw U.S. as threatSaw U.S. as threat
Development of the Cold Development of the Cold WarWar• Iron Curtain-figure of speech by Churchill describing Iron Curtain-figure of speech by Churchill describing
line separating free and communist Europe line separating free and communist Europe • ““From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic,
an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of high and, in many cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow. “control from Moscow. “
Cold War DoctrinesCold War Doctrines
• Truman Doctrine-promised aid to Truman Doctrine-promised aid to countries resisting communismcountries resisting communism– Communist pressured Greece and Communist pressured Greece and
TurkeyTurkey– Containment- philosophy of limiting Containment- philosophy of limiting
spread of communismspread of communism
• Marshall Plan- aid to strengthen Marshall Plan- aid to strengthen democratic governmentsdemocratic governments
Division of GermanyDivision of Germany
• Divided into four Divided into four zoneszones– West Germany freeWest Germany free– East Germany East Germany
communist communist controlledcontrolled
• Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift– Communists forced Communists forced
blockade of West blockade of West BerlinBerlin
– U.S. , Britain flew in U.S. , Britain flew in food almost a year.food almost a year.
Cold War AlliancesCold War Alliances
• NATO-North Atlantic NATO-North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationTreaty Organization– Free nations pledged Free nations pledged
support to each other if support to each other if attacked by attacked by communismcommunism
• SEATO-Southeast Asia SEATO-Southeast Asia Treaty OrganizationTreaty Organization– Stop the spread of Stop the spread of
communism in communism in Southeast Asia, Southeast Asia, following Korean Warfollowing Korean War
• Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact– Included Soviet Union Included Soviet Union
and it’s seven satellite and it’s seven satellite nationsnations
Cold War Heats UpCold War Heats Up
• 1940’s-50’s 1940’s-50’s Hungarian and Hungarian and Czechoslovakian Czechoslovakian anti-communist anti-communist revolts forcefully revolts forcefully repressed by USSRrepressed by USSR
• Beginning of Beginning of Atomic AgeAtomic Age– 1949 Soviet 1949 Soviet
Detonation of Detonation of Nuclear BombNuclear Bomb
– U.S. begins work on U.S. begins work on hydrogen bombhydrogen bomb
– Next 50 years arms Next 50 years arms race between tworace between two
Cold War Heats UpCold War Heats Up
• Space RaceSpace Race– Competition for spaceCompetition for space– 1957 Soviet’s launch 1957 Soviet’s launch
SputnikSputnik– U.S. starts NASAU.S. starts NASA– Use of Spy satellite Use of Spy satellite
equipmentequipment– 1958- U.S. sent Explorer1958- U.S. sent Explorer– 1969- Man lands on 1969- Man lands on
MoonMoon
Fall of the Berlin Wall, Fall of the Berlin Wall, 19901990
• Triggered by flood of refugees Triggered by flood of refugees flowing east to west through Hungaryflowing east to west through Hungary
• Wall came down Nov. 1990; Wall came down Nov. 1990; Germany began reunification process Germany began reunification process
Collapse of the Soviet Union Collapse of the Soviet Union
• Stalin’s successorsStalin’s successors– Nikita Kruschev 1956-1964 – hard line Nikita Kruschev 1956-1964 – hard line
commiecommie– Leonid Brezhnev 1964-1982Leonid Brezhnev 1964-1982
•Practiced a policy of détente ( lessening of Practiced a policy of détente ( lessening of tensions) with the U.S.tensions) with the U.S.
•Characterized byCharacterized by– Arms control talksArms control talks– Cultural exchangesCultural exchanges– Trade agreementsTrade agreements
The Fall of the Soviet UnionThe Fall of the Soviet Union
Causes
1. Leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev
2. Glasnost-openness to democracy
3. Perestroika-reshaping of economy
4. Economic movements
5. Freedom Movements
Fall of Soviet
Union
Effects
1. Formation of Commonwealth of Independent States
2. Loss of role as superpower
3. End of Cold War
4. Economic Hardship
5. Minority Revolts and ethnic conflicts
Break-up of Soviet Union, Break-up of Soviet Union, 19911991
• 1989- Poland breaks away from Soviet Union1989- Poland breaks away from Soviet Union– Solidarity- movement that called for economic and Solidarity- movement that called for economic and
political change led by political change led by Lech WalesaLech Walesa
• Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania left USSR 1991 Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania left USSR 1991
• USSR dissolved Dec. 1991USSR dissolved Dec. 1991
• Commonwealth of Independent States, led by Commonwealth of Independent States, led by Russia under Boris YeltsinRussia under Boris Yeltsin
• Economic, religious, and crime problems Economic, religious, and crime problems
Collapse of Yugoslavia and Collapse of Yugoslavia and Civil WarCivil War
• Yugoslavia created after WWIYugoslavia created after WWI• 6 Major National Groups6 Major National Groups
– Croats- Roman CatholicCroats- Roman Catholic– Slovenes- Roman CatholicSlovenes- Roman Catholic– Serbs- Eastern OrthodoxSerbs- Eastern Orthodox– Montenegrins- Eastern OrthodoxMontenegrins- Eastern Orthodox– Macedonians – Eastern OrthodoxMacedonians – Eastern Orthodox– Bosnians - MuslimsBosnians - Muslims
Civil WarCivil War
• At independence Serbs in Bosnia used At independence Serbs in Bosnia used force to remove all non-Serbsforce to remove all non-Serbs
• Ethnic Cleansing-removal or killing of Ethnic Cleansing-removal or killing of ethnic groupethnic group
• Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic led campaign to remove non-Serbsled campaign to remove non-Serbs
• NATO used Military Campaign against NATO used Military Campaign against MilosevicMilosevic
Civil War cont’dCivil War cont’d
• Milosevic arrested tried for war Milosevic arrested tried for war crimescrimes
• Tensions still exist between ethnic Tensions still exist between ethnic groupsgroups– 2004-Ukrainian (pro-western) 2004-Ukrainian (pro-western)
Presidential Candidate Victor Presidential Candidate Victor Yushchenko poisonedYushchenko poisoned
