The Cold War: A Bipolar World?

The “3rd World”

The Bandung Conference 1955

Egypt• 1936 “Independence”• 1952 Revolution• 1956 Gamal Abd al-Nasir “elected”

British withdraw Troops

Suez Crisis

Aswan Dam

Pan-Arabism

• Arab League est. 1945• United Arab Republic

1958-1961• Optimism lost 1967

Arab Socialism

Arab Socialism• Nationalizes banks, insurance companies, 90% of all major business, government controlled media

• Foreigners forbidden from owning farm land

• Over $1 billion in property confiscated from the richest Egyptians

• Move profits of nationalized industries to national projects; Aswan High Dam (with Soviet aid), improvement of the Suez Canal

• Expansion of education (for both men and women) and guarantees of employment expensive trademarks of Nasirism

Political Islam“Islam is the Solution!”

• Islam (n.)• Muslim (n.)• Muslim (adj.)• Islamic (adj.)

• Islamist• Islamic Fundamentalist• Political Islam• Activist Islam• Islamic Revivalism

The Muslim Brotherhood• Est. in 1928 by Hassan al-Banna

– Islam as a religion and a set of religious principles and a strong Muslim cultural identity should play a defining role in the politics and culture of Muslims nations.

– Recommitment to Islam and Islamic identity key to rejuvenating Muslim societies.

Iran in Historical Perspective• Shah Muhammed Reza Pahlavi (r. 1941-1979)

• Mohammed Mossaddegh (P.M. 1951-1953)

– Promoted Social Security– Rent control– Land reforms– Oil Nationalization

• 1953 joint MI6/CIA operation

• 1979 Iranian Revolution

Islamist Triumph in Iran

• Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

• 1964: Exiled• 1977: Mass protests in

Iran• Jan. 1979: Pahlavi exiled• Feb. 1979: Khomeini‘s

triumphal return• Islamic Republic

established

Islamic Republic of Iran

• “Democratic” Government• Supreme Leader and the

Council of Guardiansfor office• Islam promoted as solution

to the poverty and inequality of Iran

• U.S. vilified

Iran and Iraq War (1980-1988)

• 1980 Saddam Hussain invades Iran

• Estimated Casualties:– 262,000 Iranians– 105,000 Iraqis– 367,000 Total

The Soviets in Afghanistan• 1978 Saur Revolution

– Khalq party– Parcham party

• 1979 Soviets enter Afghanistan

• Mujahidin wage guerilla warfare

• 1989 Soviets withdraw

Afghanistan after the Soviets

• 1989-1992: Civil War continues

• 1991: end of Cold War

• 1992-1996: New Civil War

• 1996: Taliban take control of Kabul

The non-Aligned World After the Cold War

• Now we can all get along, right?

Sukarno and Sadat Documents

• Sukarno: Indonesian President Speaking at the Bandung Conference in 1955

• Sadat: Egyptian President (after Nasir) speaking at a later Asian-African Conference in 1957– What are the fears and concerns of each speaker? How does

this reflect the common interests of non-aligned countries? – What are the collective hopes of non-aligned countries

according to Sukarno and Sadat?– What challenges arose that made the realization of these

goals difficult?