The Cold War American History June, 2015. What is the Cold War? Conflict that existed between the U.S. and the Soviet Union from 1945 – 1991Conflict that

The Cold War American History June, 2015

What is the Cold War? Conflict that existed between the U.S. and the Soviet Union from 1945 1991Conflict that existed between the U.S. and the Soviet Union from 1945 1991 Called cold because two sides never engaged directly in warCalled cold because two sides never engaged directly in war Many wars were fought between Communists (supported by USSR) and anti-Communists (supported by the U.S.)Many wars were fought between Communists (supported by USSR) and anti-Communists (supported by the U.S.)

Information Outline 1.Significance of the Cold War 2.Causes of the Cold War 3.Historical Background 4.Events of the Cold War 5.Cold War at Home

Significance of the Cold War Brought the world to the brink of nuclear destructionBrought the world to the brink of nuclear destruction Was the direct cause of the U.S. wars in Korea and VietnamWas the direct cause of the U.S. wars in Korea and Vietnam Led to the 1969 moon landingLed to the 1969 moon landing Largely responsible for the U.S. national debtLargely responsible for the U.S. national debt Shaped the post-World War II eraShaped the post-World War II era

Causes of the Cold War What caused the US and the USSR to go from allies to enemies?What caused the US and the USSR to go from allies to enemies? DistrustDistrust Soviet Distrust of the WestSoviet Distrust of the West Western opposition to BolsheviksWestern opposition to Bolsheviks Disregard for Soviet Diplomatic GoalsDisregard for Soviet Diplomatic Goals West did not aid in Spanish Civil WarWest did not aid in Spanish Civil War USSR not invited to Munich ConferenceUSSR not invited to Munich Conference Western distrusts the SovietsWestern distrusts the Soviets Fear of SocialismFear of Socialism Soviet Annexation of Eastern PolandSoviet Annexation of Eastern Poland Soviet designs on Eastern EuropeSoviet designs on Eastern Europe

Causes of the Cold War Competition for PowerCompetition for Power Both emerged powerful after WWIIBoth emerged powerful after WWII New World OrderNew World Order Competing IdeologiesCompeting Ideologies Communism vs. CapitalismCommunism vs. Capitalism

What is Communism? Karl Marx wrote Communist Manifesto in 1848Karl Marx wrote Communist Manifesto in 1848 Explained ideas for CommunismExplained ideas for Communism Became model for the communist governments of the 1900sBecame model for the communist governments of the 1900s Principle ideasPrinciple ideas Favors collective or community ownership of propertyFavors collective or community ownership of property The government (acting for the people) makes economic decisionsThe government (acting for the people) makes economic decisions From each according to his needsFrom each according to his needs Communists seek to overthrow existing governments in revolutionsCommunists seek to overthrow existing governments in revolutions

Before the Cold War Russian RevolutionRussian Revolution Lenin establishes communist governmentLenin establishes communist government Civil War (1918 1921)Civil War (1918 1921) U.S. sends troops to aid White RussiansU.S. sends troops to aid White Russians USSRUSSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics created in 1922Union of Soviet Socialist Republics created in 1922 Stalin comes to powerStalin comes to power Post-War DisagreementPost-War Disagreement Creating peaceful post-war worldCreating peaceful post-war world U.S. Democratic worldU.S. Democratic world USSR buffer zone from democratic westUSSR buffer zone from democratic west

Significant Events 1945 Yalta Agreement1945 Yalta Agreement Meeting of Big 3Meeting of Big 3 USSR agrees to enter war in PacificUSSR agrees to enter war in Pacific Stalin demands control of Eastern EuropeStalin demands control of Eastern Europe Vague promise of free electionsVague promise of free elections 1946 Early Tensions1946 Early Tensions No elections in PolandNo elections in Poland Truman uses tough approach with StalinTruman uses tough approach with Stalin 1946 Kennans Telegram1946 Kennans Telegram Ideas for containment policyIdeas for containment policy

Significant Events 1946 Iron Curtain Speech1946 Iron Curtain Speech Churchill in MissouriChurchill in Missouri Considered declaration of Cold WarConsidered declaration of Cold War East vs. WestEast vs. West 1947 Truman Doctrine1947 Truman Doctrine Communist overthrow of Greece and TurkeyCommunist overthrow of Greece and Turkey Asks Congress for aid packages to prevent thisAsks Congress for aid packages to prevent this 1947 Marshall Plan1947 Marshall Plan Massive aid program totaling $17 billionMassive aid program totaling $17 billion

Significant Events 1948 Berlin Airlift1948 Berlin Airlift East Germany vs. West GermanyEast Germany vs. West Germany Berlin BlockadeBerlin Blockade U.S. airlifted supplies to West BerlinU.S. airlifted supplies to West Berlin 1949 NATO Formed1949 NATO Formed North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization USSR counters with the Warsaw Pact in 1955USSR counters with the Warsaw Pact in 1955 1949 Year of Fear1949 Year of Fear Chinese nationalists lose Civil WarChinese nationalists lose Civil War Soviets explode first atomic bombSoviets explode first atomic bomb 1949 NSC-681949 NSC-68 USSR bent on World DominationUSSR bent on World Domination US quadruple its defense spendingUS quadruple its defense spending

Korean War, 1950 - 1953 June 1950, North Korea (Communist) invades South Korea (non-communist)June 1950, North Korea (Communist) invades South Korea (non-communist) U.N. supports a police action to protect South KoreaU.N. supports a police action to protect South Korea Douglas MacArthur, UN commander, makes brilliant landing and pushes the North Koreans backDouglas MacArthur, UN commander, makes brilliant landing and pushes the North Koreans back Provokes Chinas entryProvokes Chinas entry Truman wants peace, then fires MacArthurTruman wants peace, then fires MacArthur there is no substitute for victory there is no substitute for victory Cease-fire in 1953Cease-fire in 1953 Places the border near 38 th parallelPlaces the border near 38 th parallel

Eisenhower & the Cold War Election of 1952Election of 1952 Eisenhower & Nixon (R)Eisenhower & Nixon (R) Stevenson & Sparkman (D)Stevenson & Sparkman (D) Cold War policy remained relatively unchangedCold War policy remained relatively unchanged Change came in enforcement of containmentChange came in enforcement of containment Nuclear Arms RaceNuclear Arms Race Covert ActionCovert Action Eisenhower DoctrineEisenhower Doctrine

Space Race Tensions increased with the launch of Sputnik ITensions increased with the launch of Sputnik I First artificial satellite into geocentric orbit (10/4/57)First artificial satellite into geocentric orbit (10/4/57) Yuri Gagarin became first human in space and first to orbit the earthYuri Gagarin became first human in space and first to orbit the earth U.S. felt loss of prestigeU.S. felt loss of prestige Increased funding for space programsIncreased funding for space programs Kennedy challenges Americans to land on the moon firstKennedy challenges Americans to land on the moon first July 16, 1969 Apollo 11 landed on the moonJuly 16, 1969 Apollo 11 landed on the moon

U-2 Incident U.S. used CIA spy planes to fly over Soviet UnionU.S. used CIA spy planes to fly over Soviet Union Gained information about Soviet missile projectsGained information about Soviet missile projects U-2 and CIA agent Francis Gary Powers shot down by Soviet MissileU-2 and CIA agent Francis Gary Powers shot down by Soviet Missile Could not employ self destruct mechanism before parachutingCould not employ self destruct mechanism before parachuting U.S. releases cover up statementU.S. releases cover up statement Captured Powers and interrogated for monthsCaptured Powers and interrogated for months U.S. exposedU.S. exposed Tarnished relations with KhrushchevTarnished relations with Khrushchev

Communism in Cuba Castro overthrows BatistaCastro overthrows Batista Castro nationalizes American-owned businesses and properties in CubaCastro nationalizes American-owned businesses and properties in Cuba Eisenhower responds by cutting off U.S. trade with CubaEisenhower responds by cutting off U.S. trade with Cuba Castro turns to Soviets for supportCastro turns to Soviets for support Castro reveals he was a MarxistCastro reveals he was a Marxist

Kennedy & The Cold War Election of 1960Election of 1960 Kennedy & Johnson (D) vs. Nixon & Lodge (R)Kennedy & Johnson (D) vs. Nixon & Lodge (R) CampaignCampaign Televised debatesTelevised debates Domestic PolicyDomestic Policy New frontier programsNew frontier programs

Bay of Pigs Plan developed in Eisenhowers administrationPlan developed in Eisenhowers administration Executed by KennedyExecuted by Kennedy April 17, 1961 about 13,000 exiles armed with U.S. weaponsApril 17, 1961 about 13,000 exiles armed with U.S. weapons Landed at Bahia de Cochinos on the southern coast of CubaLanded at Bahia de Cochinos on the southern coast of Cuba Invasion was stopped by Castros armyInvasion was stopped by Castros army Embarrassing failure by the Kennedy administrationEmbarrassing failure by the Kennedy administration Should have sent adequate supportShould have sent adequate support Should not have happened at allShould not have happened at all Castro convinced the U.S. would try to take over againCastro convinced the U.S. would try to take over again

Berlin Wall August 13, 1961 East Germans built wall around West BerlinAugust 13, 1961 East Germans built wall around West Berlin To keep East Germans from fleeing to West GermanyTo keep East Germans from fleeing to West Germany U.S. and Soviets faced off but no fightingU.S. and Soviets faced off but no fighting Freedom has many difficulties and democracy is not perfect, but we have never had to put up a wall to keep our people in As a free man, I take pride in the words, Ich bin eign Berliner [I am a Berliner] Freedom has many difficulties and democracy is not perfect, but we have never had to put up a wall to keep our people in As a free man, I take pride in the words, Ich bin eign Berliner [I am a Berliner] Berlin Wall stood until 1989Berlin Wall stood until 1989

Cuban Missile Crisis Closest the world has come to nuclear warClosest the world has come to nuclear war October 1962 U.S. discovered Russians building underground sites in Cuba for launching missilesOctober 1962 U.S. discovered Russians building underground sites in Cuba for launching missiles Could reach U.S. in minutesCould reach U.S. in minutes U.S. set up naval blockade of CubaU.S. set up naval blockade of Cuba Khrushchev agreed to remove missiles from CubaKhrushchev agreed to remove missiles from Cuba Kennedy pledged not to invade CubaKennedy pledged not to invade Cuba Increased telecommunications hot lineIncreased telecommunications hot line Signed Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1963Signed Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1963

Vietnam War Goal: to prevent South Vietnam from falling to communismGoal: to prevent South Vietnam from falling to communism Kennedy agreed with domino theoryKennedy agreed with domino theory U.S. troops in Vietnam for support, not combatU.S. troops in Vietnam for support, not combat Many South Vietnamese opposed governmentMany South Vietnamese opposed government Gulf of Tonkin ResolutionGulf of Tonkin Resolution U.S. takes all means necessary to protect interests in VietnamU.S. takes all means necessary to protect interests in Vietnam Operation Rolling ThunderOperation Rolling Thunder Escalates U.S. involvementEscalates U.S. involvement Hawks vs. DovesHawks vs. Doves Tet OffensiveTet Offensive Surprise attack by VietcongSurprise attack by Vietcong Johnson WithdrawsJohnson Withdraws

The Anti-War Movement Claims of an illegal warClaims of an illegal war The new leftThe new left Radical political movement in the 60s and 70sRadical political movement in the 60s and 70s Anti-war and Civil RightsAnti-war and Civil Rights Student protestsStudent protests Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) Kent State UniversityKent State University Jackson State UniversityJackson State University Sparking the protestSparking the protest My Lai MassacreMy Lai Massacre Pentagon PapersPentagon Papers

The Slow Thaw Relations eventually improved between communist countries and the U.S.Relations eventually improved between communist countries and the U.S. Nixon negotiated with USSRNixon negotiated with USSR Soviet invasion of AfghanistanSoviet invasion of Afghanistan Soviets VietnamSoviets Vietnam Weakened the economy and moraleWeakened the economy and morale Gorbachev comes to powerGorbachev comes to power Berlin Wall comes down, 1989Berlin Wall comes down, 1989 USSR dissolves on December 21, 1991USSR dissolves on December 21, 1991

The Cold War At Home American fearsAmerican fears Nuclear attackNuclear attack Red ScareRed Scare Reaction in the U.S.Reaction in the U.S. Spies and espionageSpies and espionage Hollywood TenHollywood Ten McCarthyismMcCarthyism To accuse someone of a crime with no proofTo accuse someone of a crime with no proof Impact on pop cultureImpact on pop culture

Documents

The Cold War American History June, 2015. What is the Cold War? Conflict that existed between the U.S. and the Soviet Union from 1945 – 1991Conflict that