The Cold War [1945-1991]: An Ideological Struggle

Soviet & Eastern Bloc

Nations[“Iron Curtain”]

US & the Western

Democracies

GOAL spread world-wide Communism

GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan] METHODOLOGIES:

1. Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]

2. Arms Race [nuclear escalation]

3. Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy] “proxy wars”

4. Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

The Division of Berlin

The Bipolarization of Europe

George Kennan: CONTAINMENTGoals Means Actual Application

1.Restorationof the balance of power

2.Reduction of Soviet ability to project outside power.

Encouragement of self-confidence in nations threatened by Soviet expansion.

Exploitation of tensions in international communism.

Long-term program of U.S. economic assistance [Marshall Plan]

Cooperation with communist regimes; [supporting Titoism in Yugoslavia]

3.Modification of the Soviet concept of international relations.

Negotiating settlement of outstanding differences.

Using “carrots & sticks’ (rewards & punishments to induce behavior); containing Germany with an embrace and Russia at arms length.

George Kennan: CONTAINMENTGoals Means Actual Application

National Defense Budget [1940-1964]

Ruled by Japan from 1910-WWII After WWII divided at 38th Parallel, Korea not part

of decision Soviet-controlled North & U.S.-controlled South Did not hold free elections Escalation & border skirmishes W/ absence of Soviet Union, UN passed resolution

for military intervention Mostly U.S. troops (more than 80%) 20 other countries provided troops

Korean War

[1950-1953]

Korean War[1950-1953]

Syngman Rhee

Kim Il-Sung

“Domino Theory”

The Shifting Map of Korea[1950-1953]

1945—End of WWII 1946—Atomic testing in Bikini Islands; Kennan’s

“Long Telegram” 1947—Truman Doctrine 1948—Truman was election surprisingly; Berlin

Airlift 1949—Stalin ends blockade; Soviets test atomic

bomb 1950—Korean War begins 1952—Eisenhower elected President 1953—Korean War ends