Key Definitions

1. Truman Doctrine

2. Communism

3. Marshall Plan

4. Capitalism

5. USSR

A. A government system which focuses on the belief that everyone is equal.

B. Where America sent money etcto any country threatened by Communism

C. Russia and ‘allied’ Communist countries eg. Georgia, Lativiaetc

D. American belief that Communism thrived in poverty so they offered money to Eastern Europe

E. A government system that believes in the idea that individuals should be able to choose for themselves.

Key Definitions

1. Truman Doctrine – B Where America sent weapons, supplies etcto any country threatened by Communism

2. Communism – A A government system which focuses on the belief that everyone is equal.

3. Marshall Plan – D American belief that Communism thrived in poverty so they offered money to Eastern Europe

4. Capitalism – E A government system that believes in the idea that individuals should be able to choose for themselves.

5. USSR – C Russia and ‘allied’ Communist countries eg. Georgia, Lativia etc

The Cold War: For creation (1945) to crisis (1963)

Aim: To explain and evaluate the key events of this period

Communism vs Capitalism

Capitalism believes…

1) Individual Opportunity -People are all individuals and should be rewarded dependent on how hard they work.

2) Land is owned by individuals.3) Wealth is generated and

used by individuals.4) Privatisation - Private

businesses should be run for profit.

5) Democracy – Voters should be able to vote for any party.

6) Freedom - Freedom of speech

Communism believes…

1) Equal Outcome - Everyone is, in essence, equal and therefore should be valued equally.

2) No one should own any land, it should be shared equally.

3) Wealth should be shared equally.

4) Nationalisation - No private business, everything is shared equally.

5) Dictatorship – voters should only be able to vote for Communist candidates.

6) Censorship – The press should never criticise the Communist government

The Key Events

• There are 3 main topics that we have covered so far:

• Causes of the Cold War (including Yalta and Potsdam)

• The developing crisis (Iron Curtain speech, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan)

• The Berlin Blockade

• The Cuban Missile CrisisThis may be the most recent president

that we’ve studied, but he’s not the only one!

What will you get?

• For the topic that you have been given:

- Create a summary of the key questions provided and create a revision activity for the rest of the class.

- The activity should last 5 minutes.

- You have 25 minutes to create it!

It’s a bit like a lucky dip, only with better prizes!

The Yalta Conference, February 1945

• Stalin agreed to enter the war against Japan once Germany surrendered.

• Agreed to divide Germany (and Berlin) into 4 zones.

• Agreed to hunt down and punish those responsible for concentration camps.

• Agreed that liberated countries should have free elections.

• Agreed to enter the UN.• Agreed to a Soviet ‘sphere of

influence’.• Disagreed over the Polish border.

The three leaders at Yalta, Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin.

The Potsdam Conference, July-August 1945

• Dominated by a rivalry between Stalin and Truman.

• Disagreement over Germany.

• Disagreement over reparations.

• Disagreement of Soviet policy in Eastern Europe.

The ‘big 3’ had changed by the end of the conference. Attlee, Truman and Stalin were now in charge.

The Iron Curtain

• Potsdam ended without a complete agreement.

• Over the next 9 months Stalin achieved domination of eastern Europe, setting up Communist governments.

• Churchill described the border between Soviet controlled countries and the west as an ‘iron curtain’. The name stuck.

East vs West

• After the war the allies weren’t sure what to do with Germany.

• Stalin wanted to keep Germany weak and had no interest in its recovery.

• However in 1946 Britain, France and Germany united their zones and 2 years later reformed the currency.

• West Germany (as it became known in 1949) rapidly started to recover.

The Blockade

• Stalin sought to pressure the Allies into leaving West Berlin, this would give him a massive propaganda victory – June 1948.

• This was perceived as a ‘test case’ so Truman wanted to stand up to Stalin.

• This resulted in the Allies flying supplies into West Berlin.

• 1 plane landed every 30 seconds.

• May 1949 saw Stalin lift the blockade – the Allies had won!

Events in Greece 1944-1950

• After WWII two groups competed for control:

• The monarchists and the Communists.

• Britain sent troops to support the monarchists.

• The USSR complained to the UN who did nothing. The Communists then tried to take control by force.

• Britain couldn’t afford to keep going so bowed out on 24th Feb 1947. Truman (USA) stepped in), they paid the British to stay in.

• By 1950 the monarchists were in control of Greece (just!).

Sort of, just the wrong type of Greece..!

Czechoslovakia

• Some Americans hadn’t supported the Marshall plan –they didn’t want to waste all of that money.

• Their attitude changed however when in March 1948 the Soviets purged anti Communist leaders in Czechoslovakia.

• Masaryk, who was pro American was found dead below his open window. The Soviets said that he had jumped….hmmmm Congress immediately granted the money!

Red = Warsaw Pact, Green = NATO

Cuba 1959-1961

• Cuba was considered ‘in the backyard’ of America.

• The leader (backed by USA) Batista was overthrown by Fidel Castro in 1959.

• Castro nationalised US businesses in Cuba.

• USA stopped trading sugar with Castro.

• Castro sold sugar to USSR.• US attempts Cuban exile lead

attack on Cuba – Bay of Pigs• Castro moves into an alliance

with Khrushchev and agrees to have nuclear missiles on Cuba to protect against a US invasion.

Bay of Pigs

• 1,500 Cuban exiles are trained, equipped and transported to Cuba by the CIA.

• NOT US troops.• They are met and defeated by

Castro’s troops at the Bay of Pigs (no uprising of popular support for the exiles).

• They are paraded on national TV.

• Huge embarrassment for Kennedy.

• Causes Castro to look for further support from USSR.

Cuban Missile Crisis

• 14th October 1962: U2 plane takes photos of missile sites on Cuba

• 22nd October 1962: Kennedy announces the blockade of Cuba (quarantine)

• 24th October 1962: Blockade begins (800km zone).

• 26th October 1962: President Kennedy receives a long personal letter from Khrushchev offering to remove the missiles if the USA promised not to invade Cuba.

• 27th October 1962: Khrushchev sends a second letter changing his demands – he now wants the US missiles in Turkey withdrawn.

• 28th October 1962: Kennedy replies to Khrushchev’s first letter, ignoring the second. However, he agrees to secretly remove the US missiles in Cuba at a later date. Khrushchev accepts.

1. What had ended in 1945 that caused increased tension between the USSR and USA?2. Which was first, Yalta or Potsdam?3. What did Stalin do to countries which he ‘liberated’ in Eastern Europe?4. What happened in Greece in 1944? Why did this increase tension?5. What did Churchill say had descended across Europe in 2916? Why? 6. What happened in Czechoslovakia in 1948? Why didn’t the US like this?7. What did General Marshall find when he went to Europe?8. How much did the Marshall Plan promise to Europe (both in hard cash and debt cancellation)?9. Which part of Germany went to the USSR?10. When did the USA, Britain and France unite their zones (of Germany and Berlin)?11. What else did they change/reform?12. What year did the Berlin Blockade occur?13. Why did Stalin start the Berlin Blockade?14. How many days did the blockade last for?15. How often did US planes reach Berlin?

16. What happened in 1959?17. How did America feel about it? Why?18. What did this cause the US to stop trading with Cuba?19. What did the USA do in 1961 (detail needed)?20. What is an ICBM?21. Why did Khrushchev want to put missiles in Cuba?22. What date did the USA discover that there were Soviet Missiles in Cuba?23. How did Kennedy decide to deal with the Missiles in Cuba?24. What did Khrushchev’s first letter to Kennedy say?25. How was the second one different?26. What was the response of Kennedy?27. What was installed between the USA and USSR as a result of the crisis?28. How far was Cuba from Florida?29. What type of missile did the USA have in Turkey?30. How many missiles did the USSR have in Cuba?31. What happened to Khrushchev in 1964?