Chapter 21: Revolutions in Europe and Latin America Section 1: An Age of Ideologies Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 1848 Section 3: Latin American Wars

Chapter 21: Chapter 21: Revolutions in Europe and Revolutions in Europe and

Latin AmericaLatin America

Section 1: An Age of IdeologiesSection 1: An Age of Ideologies

Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 1848Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 1848

Section 3: Latin American Wars of Section 3: Latin American Wars of IndependenceIndependence


•Summary:Summary:– Conflicts arose in Europe between Conflicts arose in Europe between

people with opposing systems of people with opposing systems of thought and beliefthought and belief


•At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, European leaders tried to return European leaders tried to return Europe to the way it had been before Europe to the way it had been before the French Revolutionthe French Revolution– These leaders were part of a group These leaders were part of a group

called the called the ConservativesConservatives


•Conservatives included monarchs, Conservatives included monarchs, noble landowners and church leadersnoble landowners and church leaders– Conservatives wanted to return the Conservatives wanted to return the

kings of Europe to power and restore kings of Europe to power and restore historic social classeshistoric social classes•Conservative ideas also appealed to Conservative ideas also appealed to

peasants who wanted to preserve peasants who wanted to preserve traditional waystraditional ways


•LiberalsLiberals disagreed with the ideas of disagreed with the ideas of the conservativesthe conservatives– Liberals included members of the Liberals included members of the

middle classmiddle class– Many Liberal ideas came from the Many Liberal ideas came from the

EnlightenmentEnlightenment


•Liberals wanted governments to be Liberals wanted governments to be based on written constitutionsbased on written constitutions

•They believed that people had They believed that people had Natural RightsNatural Rights– Disagreements between conservatives Disagreements between conservatives

and liberals led to 30 years of turmoil in and liberals led to 30 years of turmoil in EuropeEurope


•Another challenge to the Another challenge to the conservatives came from the conservatives came from the NationalistsNationalists– Nationalists believed that each national Nationalists believed that each national

group should have its own countrygroup should have its own country– For centuries, European rulers had won For centuries, European rulers had won

and lost territory in war and lost territory in war


•European rulers passed lands back European rulers passed lands back and forth, from one country’s control and forth, from one country’s control to anotherto another– By 1825, several European empires By 1825, several European empires

included people from many different included people from many different nationalitiesnationalities

– Nationalists wanted to create their own Nationalists wanted to create their own homelandshomelands•During the 1800s, nationalist groups across During the 1800s, nationalist groups across

Europe revolted against the empiresEurope revolted against the empires

Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 18481848

•Summary:Summary:– Social and political discontent sparked Social and political discontent sparked

revolutions in France in 1830 and 1848, revolutions in France in 1830 and 1848, which in turn inspired revolts in other which in turn inspired revolts in other parts of Europeparts of Europe


• In 1815, the Congress of Vienna put In 1815, the Congress of Vienna put a king back in power in Francea king back in power in France– In 1830, King Charles X began to act In 1830, King Charles X began to act

like an like an Absolute RulerAbsolute Ruler, and liberals , and liberals and radicals revoltedand radicals revolted•Charles fledCharles fled

•Liberals then set up a constitutional Liberals then set up a constitutional monarchymonarchy


•By the 1840s, France faced an By the 1840s, France faced an economic and political crisiseconomic and political crisis– Workers lost their jobs and bread prices Workers lost their jobs and bread prices

roserose– The people accused the government of The people accused the government of

corruptioncorruption•Once again the French revoltedOnce again the French revolted

•In 1848, the French set up a In 1848, the French set up a RepublicRepublic


•As in 1789, people throughout As in 1789, people throughout Europe heard of the French Europe heard of the French revolutions of 1830 and 1848.revolutions of 1830 and 1848.– The French success inspired other The French success inspired other

groups to actgroups to act


•LiberalsLiberals wanted protection for their wanted protection for their rightsrights– They also demanded more powerThey also demanded more power

•WorkersWorkers wanted relief from the wanted relief from the suffering caused by the suffering caused by the Industrial Industrial RevolutionRevolution

•NationalistsNationalists hoped for hoped for independence from foreign rulersindependence from foreign rulers


•Across Europe, uprisings occurred in Across Europe, uprisings occurred in 18481848– In the Austrian Empire, Hungarian, In the Austrian Empire, Hungarian,

Italian and Czech nationalist groups Italian and Czech nationalist groups demanded independencedemanded independence

– In the German states, peasants burned In the German states, peasants burned the homes of wealthy landowners while the homes of wealthy landowners while students demanded reformsstudents demanded reforms


•For the most part, the revolts were For the most part, the revolts were short-livedshort-lived

•Revolutionaries failed to achieve Revolutionaries failed to achieve their goals because powerful their goals because powerful government forces crushed themgovernment forces crushed them


•However, even when they failed, the However, even when they failed, the revolutionaries frightened the rulers revolutionaries frightened the rulers – Later on, many of these frightened Later on, many of these frightened

rulers began to agree to reformsrulers began to agree to reforms


•Summary:Summary:– Enlightenment ideas, revolutions in Enlightenment ideas, revolutions in

other lands and dissatisfaction with other lands and dissatisfaction with European rule caused revolutions in European rule caused revolutions in Latin America Latin America


•By the late 1700s, revolutionary By the late 1700s, revolutionary ideas spread from Europe to Latin ideas spread from Europe to Latin AmericaAmerica– The French colony of Haiti was the first The French colony of Haiti was the first

to revoltto revolt•Nearly half a million enslaved Africans Nearly half a million enslaved Africans

worked their on French sugar plantations worked their on French sugar plantations


• In 1791, Toussaint L’Ouverture led In 1791, Toussaint L’Ouverture led the Haitian slaves in revoltthe Haitian slaves in revolt– After a long and difficult struggle, the After a long and difficult struggle, the

slaves won their freedom, and soon slaves won their freedom, and soon Haiti declared its independenceHaiti declared its independence


• In the Spanish colonies, many groups In the Spanish colonies, many groups were unhappy that social and political were unhappy that social and political life was dominated by life was dominated by PeninsularesPeninsulares

•CreolesCreoles wanted power for themselves wanted power for themselves

•MestizosMestizos and and MulattoesMulattoes were angry were angry about how the Spanish treated themabout how the Spanish treated them

•Enslaved Enslaved AfricansAfricans wanted freedom wanted freedom


• In the 1700s, educated Creoles read In the 1700s, educated Creoles read about Enlightenment ideasabout Enlightenment ideas

•They watched colonists in North They watched colonists in North America win their independenceAmerica win their independence

•Then in 1808, Napoleon overthrew Then in 1808, Napoleon overthrew the Spanish kingthe Spanish king– Latin American leaders knew it was now Latin American leaders knew it was now

time to acttime to act


• In Mexico, peasants revolted in 1810In Mexico, peasants revolted in 1810– Eleven years later, they overthrew their Eleven years later, they overthrew their

Spanish rulersSpanish rulers

• In South America, a Creole named In South America, a Creole named Simon BolivarSimon Bolivar led wars of led wars of independence in Venezuela, independence in Venezuela, Columbia and EcuadorColumbia and Ecuador


•Central America declared Central America declared independence from Spain in the independence from Spain in the early 1820searly 1820s– Local leaders united the region into a Local leaders united the region into a

republic, although the republic later republic, although the republic later split into separate, independent statessplit into separate, independent states


•Most of these new nations faced Most of these new nations faced many problems, including civil war many problems, including civil war and povertyand poverty

Documents

Chapter 21: Revolutions in Europe and Latin America Section 1: An Age of Ideologies Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 1848 Section 3: Latin American Wars