IB History Cold War

7/30/2019 IB History Cold War

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Alliances of the

Cold War

By Gauri Bahuguna


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Cold War Characteristics

Political, strategic and ideological struggle between the

US and the USSR that spread throughout the world

Struggle that contained everything short of war Competing social and economic ideologies


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USAs Aims Post WWII

we have emerged from this war the most powerful nation in theworld- the most powerful nation perhaps in all history- Truman

pearl harbor shattered illusion of invulnerability of America

Establish integrated global network of naval and aerial bases

controlled by USA

Promote open markets for US goods to prevent anotherdepression

Promote democracy throughout

the world, especially in Asiaand Africa

Stop the spread of communism- Domino Effect


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Soviet Aims Post WWII

Create greater security for itself

lost tens of millions of people in WWII and

Stalin

s purges feared a strong Germany

Establish defensible borders

Encourage friendly governments on its borders

Spread communism around the world


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Alliances1. NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization - originallyconsisted of USA, UK, Canada, Norway, Denmark, Belgium,

Netherlands, Germany, Italy and Iceland. Later expanded toinclude other European countries

2. NAM- Non Aligned Movement- Egypt India and Yugoslaviaoriginally

3. SEATO - South East Asian Treaty Organization - includesUSA and Australia, as well as Japan, South Korea, New Zealandand various island nations in the Pacific

4. Warsaw Pact - Western name for the alliance between USSRand it's Eastern European satellite countries from 1949 to 1991.Created as a military buffer zone to defend against a NATOattack from Western Europe.


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NATO

United States Belgium

Britain

Canada

Denmark

France

Iceland

Italy

Luxemburg

Netherlands

Norway

Portugal 1952: Greece &

Turkey

1955: West Germany

1983: Spain


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Background 4 March 1947, France and Britain signed the Treaty of Dunkirk, to

support each other if either of them should 'become again involved inhostilities with Germany'.

17 March 1948, France and Britain joined with the Belgium,Luxembourg and the Netherlandsto sign the Treaty of Brussels.

1. Pledged to ' fortify and preserve the principles of democracy, personalfreedom and political liberty'.

2. Changed involved in hostilities with Germany to an armed attackin Europe.

Fear of Germany changed to fear of USSR-April 1948, the Brussels

Pact agreed to set up a Western Union Defense Organization(WUDO).

WUDO was formed in September 1948 (during the Berlin crisis), andin 1949 it held a naval training exercise in the Bay of Biscayinvolving 60 British, French, and Dutch warships.


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Formation of NATO

No European force would be strong enough to stop the

Red Army if Stalin attacked.

March 1949 the Brussels Pact opened secret negotiations

with the Americans

April 1949 theNorth Atlantic Treaty was signed, which

set up the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).


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Principles TheNorth Atlantic Treaty promised:

To safeguard the freedom, common heritage and civilization oftheir peoples, founded on the principles of democracy, individualliberty.

Continuous and effective self-help and mutual aid to maintain anddevelop their individual and collective capacity to resist armedattack.

However, Article 4 stated:

If an armed attack occurs, each of them [will help with] suchaction as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force. (i.e.they promised to help, but not necessarily to send military aid).

And Article 5 limited the alliances operations to the area north ofthe Tropic of Cancer (i.e. the North Atlantic).

The Treaty also set up a Council which would meet regularly asnecessary. It should be clear from this that the chief aim of NATOwas to resist the threat of the Soviet Union, and that - as the words'continuous and effective' indicated - that this would be a very active,armed resistance.


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NAM Founded in April 1955

The Non-Aligned Movement is an international organization

of states considering themselves not formally aligned with or

against any major power bloc

Brainchild ofGamal Abdul Nasser, former president of Egypt,

Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India and Josip Broz Tito

President of Yugoslavia

purpose of the organization as stated in the Havana Declaration

of 1979 is to ensure "the national independence, sovereignty,

territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Titohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Titohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito


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SEATO regional-defense organization from 1955 to 1977

created by the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty,signed at Manila on Sept. 8, 1954, by the representatives ofAustralia,France, New Zealand, pakistan, the Philippines,Thailand, The United Kingdom and The USA

Southeast Asian area be protected against communist

expansionism, especially as manifested through militaryaggression in Korea and Indochina

Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos were not considered formembership in SEATO because of the Geneva agreements of1954 on Vietnam. These states were, however, accordedmilitary protection by a protocol.

The treaty defined its purposes as defensive only and includedprovisions for self-help and mutual aid in preventing andcountering subversive activities from without and cooperationin promoting economic and social progress.


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Cominform

Communist Information Bureau

Set up in September 1947 by Stalin to unite thecommunist parties together.

Aimed to tighten grip on satellites- ensure Russian style

communist was being implemented

Critics call It collectivization of eastern Europe

Members were to trade primarily with each other and

contact with any non member nations was discouraged

In 1948 Yugoslavia objected and was thrown out of

Cominform


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Comecon

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

Formed in 1949, disbanded in 1991

Economic organization for countries in the eastern bloc

Response to formation of European Economic Co-operation- which was a result of the Marshall Aid

Expansion of Molotov Plan

In reality did not achieve much during Stalin's time.


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Warsaw Pact

} U. S. S. R.

} Albania

} Bulgaria} Czechoslovakia

} East Germany

} Hungary

} Poland

} Rumania


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Background

NATO formed 1949

SEATO formed by anticommunist countries

1954 soviet union tried joining NATO- Denied in 1955 West Germany was admitted to the NATO and

allowed to re-arm. (West Germany was essential to an

overall defense system in Europe. )

The Soviet Union looked at these anti-communist moveswith fear.


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Formation

May 1955 Warsaw Pact was signed in Warsaw, included

the Soviet Union, Albania, Poland, Romania, Hungary,

East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria as

members.

treaty called on the member states to come to the defense

of any member attacked by an outside force and it set up

a unified military command under Marshal Ivan S. Konev

of the Soviet Union.

Warsaw Pact remained intact till 1991


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Thank You

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IB History Cold War