TheThe

Cold Cold WarWar

A28A287.4.27.4.2

GUIDING QUESTIONGUIDING QUESTION

Why did relations Why did relations between the United between the United States and the Soviet States and the Soviet Union devolve into a Cold Union devolve into a Cold War after the Second War after the Second World War?World War?

GUIDING QUESTIONGUIDING QUESTION

Analyze the success and Analyze the success and failures of the United failures of the United States Cold War policy States Cold War policy of containment during of containment during the period 1945-1953 in the period 1945-1953 in the following: the following:

Europe, Asia, Middle East, Europe, Asia, Middle East, Latin America.Latin America.

ORIGINS OF ORIGINS OF THE COLD THE COLD WARWARWar Aims and Postwar War Aims and Postwar DiplomacyDiplomacy

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WARORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR

Basic incompatibility of economic Basic incompatibility of economic and political systemsand political systems

History of discord and mistrust History of discord and mistrust Western response to Bolshevik RevolutionWestern response to Bolshevik Revolution US recognition of the Soviet UnionUS recognition of the Soviet Union Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression PactNazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WARORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR WWII Alliance of Britain and U.S. with WWII Alliance of Britain and U.S. with

Soviet Union was pragmatic “marriage Soviet Union was pragmatic “marriage of convenience” to defeat Germanyof convenience” to defeat Germany

1.1. Lack of trust of Stalin.Lack of trust of Stalin. unified wartime commandunified wartime command atomic bombatomic bomb

2.2. Soviets believed western allies not Soviets believed western allies not sharing load sharing load

3.3. Soviet mistreatment of eastern Soviet mistreatment of eastern Europeans during WWIIEuropeans during WWII

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WARORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR:: Wartime Wartime DiplomacyDiplomacy ““Big Three” Allied leaders were consistently unable to resolve Big Three” Allied leaders were consistently unable to resolve their basic disagreements over the structure of post-war Europetheir basic disagreements over the structure of post-war Europe

Tehran Conference Tehran Conference (November 1943)(November 1943)

U.S. and Britain U.S. and Britain would open awould open a second front within second front within six monthssix months Allies would Allies would create a post-war create a post-war international international organizationorganization

Stalin, Roosevelt & Churchill at Tehran, Stalin, Roosevelt & Churchill at Tehran, 19431943

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR :: Wartime Wartime DiplomacyDiplomacy Yalta Conference Yalta Conference (January-February 1945) (January-February 1945)

Loose set of principles that avoided the most divisive issues. Loose set of principles that avoided the most divisive issues. Division of Germany (and Berlin) into four “zones of occupation”; Division of Germany (and Berlin) into four “zones of occupation”; Reunification of Germany at a future date; process not specified Reunification of Germany at a future date; process not specified

Soviets would Soviets would enter Pacific war enter Pacific war within 3 months after within 3 months after Germany had been Germany had been defeateddefeated United Nations United Nations Poland – free Poland – free elections at some elections at some unspecified date unspecified date after the warafter the war

Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin at Yalta, February Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin at Yalta, February 19451945

““the holding of free and the holding of free and unfettered elections as unfettered elections as soon as possible on the soon as possible on the basis of universal basis of universal suffrage and secret suffrage and secret ballot"ballot"

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR :: Wartime Wartime DiplomacyDiplomacy San Francisco Conference - San Francisco Conference -

United Nations Formed United Nations Formed (April (April 1945)1945) Security Council Security Council

11 members11 members Permanent seats with veto Permanent seats with veto

power for U.S., Britain, power for U.S., Britain, France, China and USSRFrance, China and USSR

General Assembly General Assembly SecretariatSecretariat

Secretary-General Secretary-General International Court of JusticeInternational Court of Justice

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR :: Wartime Wartime DiplomacyDiplomacy Potsdam ConferencePotsdam Conference (July-Aug. (July-Aug.

1945)1945) Reparations: Stalin allowed to take Reparations: Stalin allowed to take

25% of West German industry 25% of West German industry Nazi leaders: to be tried as war Nazi leaders: to be tried as war

criminals at Nurembergcriminals at Nuremberg Poland: Free electionsPoland: Free elections Japan: Unconditional surrenderJapan: Unconditional surrender Korea: to be temporarily dividedKorea: to be temporarily divided

Truman’s attitudeTruman’s attitude Atomic bombAtomic bomb

Churchill, Truman and Stalin at Churchill, Truman and Stalin at PotsdamPotsdam

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR: ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR: Causes Causes of Cold Warof Cold War Soviets the main cause Soviets the main cause (Original U.S. view)(Original U.S. view)

Aggressive policies of expansion (in eastern Europe) Aggressive policies of expansion (in eastern Europe) and violation of Yalta agreementsand violation of Yalta agreements

U.S. the main cause U.S. the main cause (Revisionist interpretation)(Revisionist interpretation) By insisting that entire world be open to American By insisting that entire world be open to American

trade and influence trade and influence (capitalist expansionism & (capitalist expansionism & internationalism)internationalism)

Neither/Both the cause Neither/Both the cause (post-revisionist (post-revisionist interpretation)interpretation) Two most powerful nations in world bound to clashTwo most powerful nations in world bound to clash Through ignorance and misconceptions, both Through ignorance and misconceptions, both

countries helped to create an atmosphere of tension countries helped to create an atmosphere of tension and suspicion that touched off the Cold Warand suspicion that touched off the Cold War

Could the Cold War have been avoided? Could the Cold War have been avoided? How?How?

TRUMAN TRUMAN AND AND CONTAINMECONTAINMENT IN NT IN EUROPEEUROPE

GUIDING QUESTIONGUIDING QUESTION

Analyze the success and Analyze the success and failures of the United failures of the United States Cold War policy of States Cold War policy of containment during the containment during the period 1945-1953 in period 1945-1953 in Europe.Europe.

B.B. TRUMAN AND CONTAINMENT IN TRUMAN AND CONTAINMENT IN EUROPEEUROPE President Harry S President Harry S

TrumanTruman Poland Poland Soviet “satellites”       Soviet “satellites”        "Iron Curtain" "Iron Curtain" - Churchill- Churchill

(March 1946)(March 1946) Containment DoctrineContainment Doctrine

George Kennan George Kennan (more (more

economic/diplomatic than military)economic/diplomatic than military) Truman Doctrine Truman Doctrine (1947)(1947)

Greece & TurkeyGreece & Turkey Significance Significance

(end isolationism, (end isolationism, Korea, Vietnam)Korea, Vietnam)

Churchill & Churchill & Truman, Truman, "Iron Curtain "Iron Curtain Speech," Speech," March 5, 1946March 5, 1946(Harry S. Truman Library)

George George KennenKennen((Copyright 1997 State Historical Society of Wisconsin

B.B. TRUMAN AND CONTAINMENT IN TRUMAN AND CONTAINMENT IN EUROPEEUROPE The Marshall Plan The Marshall Plan

(1947)(1947) George C. MarshallGeorge C. Marshall

National Security National Security Act of 1947 Act of 1947 Atomic Energy Atomic Energy

Commission Commission Department of Department of

DefenseDefense Central Intelligence Central Intelligence

AgencyAgency National Security National Security

CouncilCouncil

B.B. TRUMAN AND CONTAINMENT IN TRUMAN AND CONTAINMENT IN EUROPEEUROPEBerlin Blockade Berlin Blockade

(June 1948)(June 1948) new West German new West German

RepublicRepublicBerlin Airlift (June 1948-(June 1948-

summer 1949)summer 1949)

Cold War Cold War Division of Division of GermanyGermany

B.B. TRUMAN AND CONTAINMENT IN TRUMAN AND CONTAINMENT IN EUROPEEUROPE North Atlantic Treaty Organization North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO(NATO) ) (April 1949)(April 1949) PurposePurpose significancesignificance

Warsaw Pact Warsaw Pact (1955)(1955)

"trouble spots" appeared - map from Time Magazine, May 1945

THETHE

COLD WAR COLD WAR

IN ASIAIN ASIA1949-19541949-1954

GUIDING QUESTIONGUIDING QUESTION

Analyze the success and Analyze the success and failures of the United failures of the United States Cold War policy of States Cold War policy of containment during the containment during the period 1945-1953 in Asia.period 1945-1953 in Asia.

THE COLD WAR IN ASIATHE COLD WAR IN ASIA

Chinese Civil War Chinese Civil War (1927-(1927-

1950)1950) Nationalists Nationalists (Kuomintang)(Kuomintang) - -

Jiang Jieshi Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek)(Chiang Kai-Shek)Communists - Mao Zedong Communists - Mao Zedong Truman administration Truman administration

“loses” China “loses” China (1949)(1949)TaiwanTaiwan““one China” policyone China” policy

Soviet A-bomb Soviet A-bomb (Aug. 1949)(Aug. 1949)

NSC-68 NSC-68 (April 1950)(April 1950)

U.S. Ambassador Patrick Hurley, Chiang Kai-shek & Mao Zedong, 1945

Soldiers of the victorious People’s Liberation Army entering Beijing, June 1949.

CommunisCommunist t Revolution Revolution in Chinain China

THE COLD WAR IN ASIATHE COLD WAR IN ASIA Korean War Korean War (1950-1953)(1950-1953)

Gen. Douglas MacArthurGen. Douglas MacArthur - The Martin letter- The Martin letter

Cold War significanceCold War significance

Korean War - Phases 1 & Korean War - Phases 1 & 2 (June-November 1950)2 (June-November 1950)

Korean War Phases 3 & 4 Korean War Phases 3 & 4 (Nov. 1950-April 1951)(Nov. 1950-April 1951)

Korean Korean WarWar

American troops advancing American troops advancing in Korean Warin Korean War

Fighting with the 2nd Inf. Div. north of the Chongchon River, Sfc. Major Cleveland, weapons squad leader, points out Communist-led North Korean position to his machine gun crew. Nov. 20, 1950 > > >

Asia Asia After After WorlWorld d War War IIII

U.S. Defense Spending, 1940-1964U.S. Defense Spending, 1940-1964

(in constant 1975 dollars)

COLD WAR IN ASIA: COLD WAR IN ASIA: IMPACT OF THE IMPACT OF THE KOREAN WARKOREAN WAR

• Korea• Soviets• UN

• Asia• Japan • Vietnam• U.S. (at home)

COLD WAR IN ASIA & THE ENTIRE COLD WAR IN ASIA & THE ENTIRE PLANET PLANET

Mushroom cloud from hydrogen bomb on Bikini atoll

Hydrogen Hydrogen bomb bomb (H-bomb)(H-bomb)

DOMESTIC DOMESTIC POST-WAR POST-WAR ADJUSTMEADJUSTMENTSNTS

"Saturday afternoon street scene""Saturday afternoon street scene""Saturday afternoon street scene“, Welch, W. Va., August 1946"Saturday afternoon street scene“, Welch, W. Va., August 1946

DOMESTIC POST-WAR DOMESTIC POST-WAR ADJUSTMENTSADJUSTMENTSReconversionReconversionElection of 1948Election of 1948

Presidential Election of Presidential Election of 19481948

FIGHTING FIGHTING COMMUNISCOMMUNISMM AT HOME AT HOMEThe Red Scare and The Red Scare and McCarthyismMcCarthyism

THE RED SCARE AND McCARTHYISMTHE RED SCARE AND McCARTHYISM Loyalty checks Loyalty checks (begun in 1947)(begun in 1947)

HouseHouse UnUn--AmericanAmerican ActivitiesActivities Committee Committee (HUAC)(HUAC)

““The Hollywood 10”The Hollywood 10”

Hollywood Ten (with Hollywood Ten (with lawyers)lawyers)

THE RED SCARE AND McCARTHYISMTHE RED SCARE AND McCARTHYISM Alger Hiss Alger Hiss

Whittaker Whittaker ChambersChambers

Richard Richard M. NixonM. Nixon

Chambers Makes Sensational Charges Chambers Makes Sensational Charges in Hiss Case.in Hiss Case. Acme. 1948

President Truman President Truman shakes the hand of shakes the hand of Alger Hiss, UN Alger Hiss, UN Conference, June 1945Conference, June 1945

Hiss Called to Testify before HUAC, Hiss Called to Testify before HUAC, 19491949

Nixon Pursues Nixon Pursues HissHiss

THE RED SCARE AND McCARTHYISMTHE RED SCARE AND McCARTHYISM McCarran Internal Security Act McCarran Internal Security Act (1950)(1950) Klaus Fuchs Klaus Fuchs Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

(convicted of nuclear espionage in 1951)(convicted of nuclear espionage in 1951)

Julius Rosenberg emerging after Julius Rosenberg emerging after his conviction for espionage in his conviction for espionage in 19511951

Ethel Rosenberg left being Ethel Rosenberg left being escorted to another day in her escorted to another day in her federal espionage trialfederal espionage trial

THE RED SCARE AND McCARTHYISMTHE RED SCARE AND McCARTHYISM Joseph McCarthy Joseph McCarthy (Feb. 1950)(Feb. 1950)

Army-McCarthy Hearings Army-McCarthy Hearings (1954)(1954) Dwight D. EisenhowerDwight D. Eisenhower

Joseph McCarthy and Aide Roy M. Cohn. Joseph McCarthy and Aide Roy M. Cohn. 19541954

McCarthy demonstrating McCarthy demonstrating Communist subversion in the U.S., Communist subversion in the U.S., 19501950

Bomb ShelterBomb Shelter

Duck Duck and and CoverCover

Films Reflect Cold War Themes?Films Reflect Cold War Themes?

FOREIGN FOREIGN AFFAIRS AFFAIRS UNDER UNDER EISENHOWEISENHOWERER

FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 50s:FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 50s: CONTAINMENT WITH AN AWARENESS OF CONTAINMENT WITH AN AWARENESS OF LIMITATIONSLIMITATIONS

John Foster DullesJohn Foster Dulles ““roll back”roll back”

massive retaliationmassive retaliation brinkmanshipbrinkmanship ““more bang for the buck”more bang for the buck”

Eisenhower Eisenhower and Dulles and Dulles Confer. Confer. 19541954

FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 50s:FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 50s: CONTAINMENT WITH AN AWARENESS OF CONTAINMENT WITH AN AWARENESS OF LIMITATIONSLIMITATIONS

Thirty-eighth Thirty-eighth parallelparallel

Ho Chi MinhHo Chi Minh Dien Bien PhuDien Bien Phu Geneva AccordsGeneva Accords Ngo Dinh Diem Ngo Dinh Diem

Ike Greets Diem, Ike Greets Diem, 19571957

FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 50s:FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 50s: CONTAINMENT WITH AN AWARENESS OF CONTAINMENT WITH AN AWARENESS OF LIMITATIONSLIMITATIONSZionistsZionistsShah of Shah of

IranIranGamal Gamal

Abdel Abdel NasserNasser

Suez CrisisSuez Crisis

Israel, the Middle East and the Suez Crisis, Israel, the Middle East and the Suez Crisis, 19561956

FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 50s:FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 50s: CONTAINMENT WITH AN AWARENESS OF CONTAINMENT WITH AN AWARENESS OF LIMITATIONSLIMITATIONSFidel CastroFidel Castrothird Worldthird World

Fidel Castro at Harvard Fidel Castro at Harvard 19591959

Nikita S. Khrushchev and Fidel Nikita S. Khrushchev and Fidel Castro. United Nations. 1960Castro. United Nations. 1960

FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 50s:FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 50s: CONTAINMENT WITH AN AWARENESS OF CONTAINMENT WITH AN AWARENESS OF LIMITATIONSLIMITATIONSHungarian RevolutionHungarian RevolutionNikita KhrushchevNikita KhrushchevU-2U-2

Eisenhower, Khrushchev, and wives at a state dinner in 1959.

U-2. U-2. 19781978

U-2 Pilot U-2 Pilot Francis Gary Francis Gary Powers at Powers at Hearing. 1962Hearing. 1962

FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 50s:FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 50s: CONTAINMENT WITH AN AWARENESS OF CONTAINMENT WITH AN AWARENESS OF LIMITATIONSLIMITATIONS““military-industrial complex”military-industrial complex”

GUIDING QUESTIONGUIDING QUESTION

● How and for what How and for what reasons did U.S. foreign reasons did U.S. foreign policy change between policy change between 1920 and 1941? 1920 and 1941?

(To what extent did the United (To what extent did the United States adopt an isolationist policy States adopt an isolationist policy in the 1920s and 1930s?)in the 1920s and 1930s?)

GUIDING QUESTIONGUIDING QUESTIONTo what extent did the To what extent did the Second World War bring Second World War bring about lasting change in about lasting change in the American society, the American society, economy and government? economy and government?

SourcesSources National Archives and Records AdministrationNational Archives and Records Administration American Journey OnlineAmerican Journey Online http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/

image_bank_US/1946_1954.htmlimage_bank_US/1946_1954.html Teaching Politics–Rutgers U. Teaching Politics–Rutgers U.

http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/_browse1950.htm & http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/_browse1950.htm & http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/_browse2000.htmhttp://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/_browse2000.htm

http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/photos/html/sindex.htmlhttp://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/photos/html/sindex.html Brinkley, Brinkley, American History: A SurveyAmerican History: A Survey 10e & 11e 10e & 11e

[Instructors Resource][Instructors Resource] Faragher, Faragher, Out of ManyOut of Many, 3, 3rdrd Ed.; Ed.;

http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_faragher_outofmany_ap/http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_faragher_outofmany_ap/ Divine, Divine, America Past and Present America Past and Present Revd 7Revd 7thth Ed. Ed. Cayton, Cayton, America: Pathways to the Present America: Pathways to the Present (2003)(2003) Nash, Nash, The American PeopleThe American People 6e, 6e,

http://wps.ablongman.com/long_nash_ap_6/0,7361,592970-http://wps.ablongman.com/long_nash_ap_6/0,7361,592970-,00.html,00.html

Roark, Roark, American PromiseAmerican Promise 3e from 3e from http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentralhttp://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentral

J. Jones, P. Wood, et al, J. Jones, P. Wood, et al, Created EqualCreated Equal::,, http://wps.ablongman.com/long_jones_ce_1/0,7283,494555-,00.hthttp://wps.ablongman.com/long_jones_ce_1/0,7283,494555-,00.htmlml

Kennedy, Kennedy, American Pageant American Pageant 13e [History Companion CD]13e [History Companion CD]