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Essential Understandings
1) The Cold War set the framework for GLOBAL POLITICS for 45 years after the end of WORLD WAR II. It also influenced American DOMESTIC POLITICS, the conduct of FOREIGN AFFAIRS, and the role of the GOVERNMENT in the ECONOMY after 1945
2) The Cold War was essentially a COMPETITION between two very different ways of organizing GOVERNMENT, SOCIETY, and the ECONOMY:
A) The AMERICAN-led western nations’ belief in DEMOCRACY, INDIVIDUAL freedom, and a MARKET economy
B) The SOVIETS belief in a TOTALITARIAN state and SOCIALISM
Origins of the Cold WarOrigins of the Cold WarDefinition:Definition: “The COMPETITION that “The COMPETITION that developed after WWII between the developed after WWII between the UNITED STATES and the SOVIET UNITED STATES and the SOVIET UNION for power and influence in the UNION for power and influence in the worldworld
The Cold War lasted from 1945 to The Cold War lasted from 1945 to the COLLAPSE of the Soviet the COLLAPSE of the Soviet Union in 1991.”Union in 1991.”
1945 – A Critical Year1945 – A Critical Year
Cooperation during WWII between United Cooperation during WWII between United States and Soviet Union was a States and Soviet Union was a TEMPORARY arrangement.TEMPORARY arrangement.
History of Hostility
STRAINED relationship between U.S. and STRAINED relationship between U.S. and Soviet UnionSoviet Union RUSSIAN REVOLUTION of 1917 – American troops RUSSIAN REVOLUTION of 1917 – American troops
supported anti-Communist resistancesupported anti-Communist resistance USSR NOT INVITED to peace conferences after WWIUSSR NOT INVITED to peace conferences after WWI U.S. DIDN’T recognize Soviet government until 1933U.S. DIDN’T recognize Soviet government until 1933 Soviets signed a pact with HITLER before WWIISoviets signed a pact with HITLER before WWII Soviets DISAGREED with Americans/British over Soviets DISAGREED with Americans/British over
battle TACTICS, postwar PLANS during WWIIbattle TACTICS, postwar PLANS during WWII Americans FEARED communismAmericans FEARED communism
YALTA Conference of 1945 – YALTA Conference of 1945 – Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill met to work out future of met to work out future of GERMANY and POLANDGERMANY and POLAND Germany divided into Germany divided into
American, British, French, American, British, French, and Soviet OCCUPATION and Soviet OCCUPATION ZONESZONES
American, British, French American, British, French zones zones WEST GERMANY WEST GERMANY
Soviet zone Soviet zone EAST EAST GERMANYGERMANY
Conflict over future of Conflict over future of POLANDPOLAND
Leaders agreed to form UNITED Leaders agreed to form UNITED NATIONSNATIONS
TRUMAN becomes presidentTRUMAN becomes president
Conflicting postwar goalsConflicting postwar goalsUnited States Soviet Union
1) Fought to bring DEMOCRACY, economic OPPORTUNITY to conquered nations of Europe/Asia.
2) Economically strong and politically open world = MARKETS for American products
1) Wanted to REBUILD and protect its own interests = “SATELLITE NATIONS”
2) Spread of COMMUNISM throughout the world = supported totalitarian Communist governments in EASTERN EUROPE
Clash of IdeologiesClash of IdeologiesUnited States Soviet Union
Political system
DEMOCRATIC government
Democracy: government by the PEOPLE,
either directly or through elected representatives
TOTALITARIAN government
Totalitarianism:
STATE controls all aspects of
citizens’ lives, one ultimate leader
United States Soviet Union
Economic
system
CAPITALIST
(free market)
Capitalism: economic system
in which the factors of
production are owned
INDIVIDUALLY; DIFFERENT
SOCIAL CLASSES EXIST
COMMUNIST
(socialism)
Socialism:
economic system in which property/means
of production are owned
COMMUNALLY; NO SOCIAL CLASSES
Day that shook the world
Threats of separations become a reality
Discovery Education: Days That Shook the World.
Berlin Wall Seals the Iron Curtain
Question?
What would happen if we built a wall separating Nampa in half? Wall will be built down 12th street. You cannot cross the wall…ever!
What would you not have access to?
How do you think people on the other side of the wall feel being limited to their area only?
Communism: “economic system in which there is NO state or private property, all goods are owned in COMMON, and there is NO CLASS DIVISION of citizens
The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain” February 1946 – February 1946 – STALIN predicted STALIN predicted ultimate triumph ultimate triumph of communism of communism over capitalism.over capitalism.
March 5, 1946 – March 5, 1946 – WINSTON WINSTON CHURCHILL CHURCHILL responded while responded while speaking in speaking in Fulton, MissouriFulton, Missouri
““From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an IRON CURTAIN has Adriatic, an IRON CURTAIN has descended across the Continent…”descended across the Continent…”
Marshall PlanMarshall Plan Unveiled by Secretary of State George C. Unveiled by Secretary of State George C.
Marshall in 1947Marshall in 1947 United States supported European United States supported European
ECONOMIC RECOVERY from World War IIECONOMIC RECOVERY from World War II U.S. allocated approx. $13 BILLION to U.S. allocated approx. $13 BILLION to
Western EuropeWestern Europe
Berlin Airlift of 1948-1949
Soviets BLOCKED Allied access to West Soviets BLOCKED Allied access to West BerlinBerlin
Blockade caused severe SHORTAGES of Blockade caused severe SHORTAGES of FOOD and SUPPLIES for 2.5 million people FOOD and SUPPLIES for 2.5 million people in WEST BERLINin WEST BERLIN
British and American AIRCRAFT made more British and American AIRCRAFT made more than 200,000 flights to deliver food, fuel, other than 200,000 flights to deliver food, fuel, other supplies until May 1949supplies until May 1949
Communist Takeover of ChinaCommunist Takeover of ChinaThe The Communist takeover in China led by MAO ZEDONG shortly after WWII increased American fears of communist DOMINATION
Rather than being strong allies, however, CHINA and the SOVIET UNION eventually became RIVALS for territory and diplomatic influence
Chinese communist dictator Mao Zedong
ContainmentContainment American policy American policy
that called for the that called for the United States to United States to RESIST Soviet RESIST Soviet attempts to form attempts to form Communist Communist governments governments ELSEWHEREELSEWHERE
Truman DoctrinePres. Harry Truman’s 1947 SPEECH Pres. Harry Truman’s 1947 SPEECH before a joint session of Congress, calling before a joint session of Congress, calling United States to take a LEADERSHIP role United States to take a LEADERSHIP role in the world, and declaring that the in the world, and declaring that the UNITED STATES would SUPPORT UNITED STATES would SUPPORT nations threatened by communismnations threatened by communism
“…“…I believe that it must be the policy of the I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside armed minorities or by outside pressures…”pressures…”
- Pres. Truman, March 12, 1947Pres. Truman, March 12, 1947
Development of Competing Alliances
NATO (1949)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
The Warsaw Pact (1955)
US & WESTERN EUROPE promise common defense
USSR & EASTERN EUROPE promised common defense
IF ONE IS ATTACKED, ALL ARE ATTACKED
For nearly 50 years, both sides maintained For nearly 50 years, both sides maintained large MILITARY forces facing each other large MILITARY forces facing each other in Europein Europe
Arms RaceArms RaceStruggle between U.S. and Soviet Union Struggle between U.S. and Soviet Union to gain weapons SUPERIORITYto gain weapons SUPERIORITY
DETERRENCE – policy of making military DETERRENCE – policy of making military power of U.S. and allies so strong that no power of U.S. and allies so strong that no enemy would dare attack out of fearenemy would dare attack out of fear
1949 – U.S.S.R. exploded a nuclear bomb 1949 – U.S.S.R. exploded a nuclear bomb = new threat of nuclear war= new threat of nuclear war
United States NOT the only ones with the United States NOT the only ones with the BOMB anymoreBOMB anymore
Soviets focused on long-range rockets Soviets focused on long-range rockets called ICBMs (Inter Continental Ballistic called ICBMs (Inter Continental Ballistic Missiles)Missiles)
May 1960, Soviet military used guided May 1960, Soviet military used guided missile to SHOOT DOWN an American U-missile to SHOOT DOWN an American U-2 spy plane over Soviet territory2 spy plane over Soviet territory
Massive retaliation
STRATEGIC DOCTRINE STRATEGIC DOCTRINE instituted by Pres. Dwight instituted by Pres. Dwight D. EISENHOWERD. EISENHOWER
If the Soviets attacked at If the Soviets attacked at all, the United States all, the United States would respond with would respond with TOTAL destructive TOTAL destructive nuclear forcenuclear force
Established “MUTUALLY Established “MUTUALLY ASSURED ASSURED DESTRUCTION”DESTRUCTION”
Brain storm it out
On a sheet of paper in your group come up with reasons either for/ or against / or neutrality based on your assigned corner
Why doesn’t America retaliate?
Differences between WWII and Differences between WWII and Cold War Cold War
World War II Cold War
MULTIPLE countries involved (US, Britain, Germany, France, Soviet Union, etc.)
TWO main superpowers (United States and Soviet Union)
CLEARLY DEFINED sides, alliances, and geographic areas (Allies vs. Axis in European, Pacific, and North African theaters)
IDEOLOGICAL /economic lines drawn between two powers (capitalism vs. communism, democracy vs. totalitarianism)
Actual ARMED CONFLICT MILITARY TENSIONS, but never direct military engagement between two powers
ATOMIC BOMB used by United States NO nuclear weapons actually used
War ended with VICTORY FOR ALLIES
NO VICTORY for U.S. in Korean/Vietnam Wars, war ended b/c of Soviet Union collapse
Mini Quiz
1. What is the Iron Curtain? Not something you hang in your windows.
2. What is NATO?
3. Describe the Arms Race? (paragraph)
4. What are 2 differences between WWII and Cold War? (Compare and contrast in paragraphs.)
Origins Cold War Quiz 4/16-17/13
1. Why is it called the Cold War?
2. What is the Truman Plan
3. What is the Marshall Plan
4. What is the Iron Curtain?
5. What is NATO?
6. Describe the Arms Race? (paragraph)
7. What are 2 differences between WWII and Cold War? (Compare and contrast in a paragraph.)