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Origins of the Cold War

Origins of the Cold War v2 - Edl · Development of the Cold War •Soviet Union •They felt that they had won World War II. They had sacrificed the most (25 million vs. 300,000 total

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Page 1: Origins of the Cold War v2 - Edl · Development of the Cold War •Soviet Union •They felt that they had won World War II. They had sacrificed the most (25 million vs. 300,000 total

Origins of theCold War

Page 2: Origins of the Cold War v2 - Edl · Development of the Cold War •Soviet Union •They felt that they had won World War II. They had sacrificed the most (25 million vs. 300,000 total

Developmentof the Cold War

•The Cold War (1945‐91) was one of perception where neither side (the Soviet Union or the United States) fully understood the intentions and ambitions of the other. This led to mistrust and military build‐ups.•United States•U.S. thought that Soviet expansion would continue and spread throughout the world.•They saw the Soviet Union as a threat to their way of life; especially after the Soviet Union gained control of Eastern Europe.

Page 3: Origins of the Cold War v2 - Edl · Development of the Cold War •Soviet Union •They felt that they had won World War II. They had sacrificed the most (25 million vs. 300,000 total

Developmentof the Cold War

•Soviet Union•They felt that they had won World War II. They had sacrificed the most (25 million vs. 300,000 total dead) and deserved the “spoils of war.” They had lost land after WWI because they left the winning side; now they wanted to gain land because they had won.•They wanted to economically raid Eastern Europe to recoup their expenses during the war.•They saw the U.S. as a threat to their way of life; especially after the U.S. development of atomic weapons.

Page 4: Origins of the Cold War v2 - Edl · Development of the Cold War •Soviet Union •They felt that they had won World War II. They had sacrificed the most (25 million vs. 300,000 total

Cold War Mobilization by the U.S.

•Alarmed Americans viewed the Soviet occupation of eastern European countries as part of a communist expansion, which threatened to extend to the rest of the world.• In 1946, Winston Churchill gave a speech at Fulton College in Missouri in which he proclaimed that an “Iron Curtain” had fallen across Europe.• In March 1947, U.S. president Harry Truman proclaimed the Truman Doctrine.

Page 5: Origins of the Cold War v2 - Edl · Development of the Cold War •Soviet Union •They felt that they had won World War II. They had sacrificed the most (25 million vs. 300,000 total

Truman Doctrine 1947

•1947: British help Greek government        fight communist guerrillas. • They appealed to America for aid.• This along with Stalin’s “Two 

hostile Camps” speech convinced Truman he needed to act.    

• Truman promised that America provide financial aide to help free counties resist subjugation by the communist 

• Greece received over $400 million in war supplies to help fight the Communist. By 1949 they had defeated the communists. 

•The Truman Doctrine was significant  because it showed that America, the    most powerful democratic country, was     prepared to resist the spread of  communism throughout the world.

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Page 7: Origins of the Cold War v2 - Edl · Development of the Cold War •Soviet Union •They felt that they had won World War II. They had sacrificed the most (25 million vs. 300,000 total

The Policy of Containment

•This policy was formulated by George F. Kennan as a way to stop Soviet expansion without having to go to war. He was convinced that if the Soviet Union failed to expand, its social system would eventually break down•By applying firm diplomatic, economic, and military counter pressure, the United States could block Soviet aggression. In this way they could keep communism from spreading and keep it confined where it was. • Ironically, the Soviets were looking for insulation from the Capitalist West.

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NSC‐68

•The Containment Doctrine would later be expanded in 1949 in NSC‐68, which called for a dramatic increase in defense spending•From $13 billion to $50 billion a year, to be paid for with a large tax increase. •NSC‐68 served as the framework for American policy over the next 20 years.

Page 9: Origins of the Cold War v2 - Edl · Development of the Cold War •Soviet Union •They felt that they had won World War II. They had sacrificed the most (25 million vs. 300,000 total

The Marshall Plan (1947‐48)•At the end of World War II Europe much of Europe had been destroyed both physically and economically. The United States did not want to repeat the mistakes of World War I.         •There were two motives for the Marshall plan :

1. Helping Europe to recover economically  would provide markets for American goods, so benefiting American industry.

2. A prosperous Europe would be better able to resist the spread of communism. This was probably the main motive. 

Page 10: Origins of the Cold War v2 - Edl · Development of the Cold War •Soviet Union •They felt that they had won World War II. They had sacrificed the most (25 million vs. 300,000 total

•The Marshall plan offered economic aid to all European countries offered in the European Recovery Program. This included eastern Europe but was rejected by the Soviets.• In all the Marshall plan provided $17 billion in aide to western European countries. 

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Page 12: Origins of the Cold War v2 - Edl · Development of the Cold War •Soviet Union •They felt that they had won World War II. They had sacrificed the most (25 million vs. 300,000 total

Dividing Germany•During the Second World War, one of the major topics under discussion at conferences of the Allied leadership was how to deal with Germany after the war. Having experienced great losses as a result of German invasions in the First and Second World Wars, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin preferred that a defeated Germany be dismembered and divided so that it could not rise to its former strength to threaten European peace and security again. 

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•At the Tehran Conference between U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin in 1943, the two countries agreed that after the war Germany would be divided and occupied jointly. At the final wartime conference between these two men at Yaltain 1945, the two powers agreed to shift the eastern border of Germany to the West, enlarging western Poland as compensation for the eastern sections of that country annexed by the Soviet Union. They also determined that the occupation would divide Germany into sections, with each Allied power taking responsibility for one section, although they would be governed as a single economic unit in anticipation of their eventual reunification. Finally, they also concluded that they would demand reparations from Germany, although they did not yet agree on exactly how much they would request. 

Page 14: Origins of the Cold War v2 - Edl · Development of the Cold War •Soviet Union •They felt that they had won World War II. They had sacrificed the most (25 million vs. 300,000 total

•A meeting later in 1945 between Stalin and new U.S. President Harry Truman held at Potsdam confirmed and ratified these arrangements. 

Page 15: Origins of the Cold War v2 - Edl · Development of the Cold War •Soviet Union •They felt that they had won World War II. They had sacrificed the most (25 million vs. 300,000 total

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The Berlin Crisis: June 1948‐May 1949• 1948: three western controlled zones of Germany united; grew in prosperity due to the Marshall Plan•West wanted East to rejoin; Stalin feared it would hurt Soviet security.• June 1948: Stalin decided to gain control of West Berlin, which was deep inside  the Eastern Sector

• Cuts road, rail and canal links with West Berlin, hoping to starve it into   submission 

•West responded by airlifting supplies to allow West Berlin to survive. The U.S. began a massive airlift of supplies that lasted almost a year. (7,000 tons a day) In May 1949 Stalin lifted the blockade, conceding that he could not prevent the creation of West Germany.•May 1949: USSR admitted defeat, lifted blockade

Map of Germany divided into zones after WWII

Map of Berlin divided into zones after WWII

A plane flies in supplies during the Berlin Airlift

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Page 17: Origins of the Cold War v2 - Edl · Development of the Cold War •Soviet Union •They felt that they had won World War II. They had sacrificed the most (25 million vs. 300,000 total
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization & the Warsaw Pact

•Stalin’s aggressive actions accelerated the American effort to use military means to contain Soviet ambitions. •The U.S. joined with Canada, Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg to establish NATO, a mutual defense pact in 1949.•Pledged signers to treat an attack against one as an attack against all. •When West Germany joined NATO in 1955, the Soviet Union countered by creating its own alliance system in eastern Europe– the Warsaw Pact (1955)

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Page 20: Origins of the Cold War v2 - Edl · Development of the Cold War •Soviet Union •They felt that they had won World War II. They had sacrificed the most (25 million vs. 300,000 total

The Cold War Heats Up:Problems of the Atomic Age

• The most frightening aspect of the Cold War was the constant threat of nuclear war.•Russia detonated its first atom bomb in 1949.• Truman ordered construction of the hydrogen bomb.

• There was a call for buildup of conventional forces to provide alternative to nuclear war.

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Page 22: Origins of the Cold War v2 - Edl · Development of the Cold War •Soviet Union •They felt that they had won World War II. They had sacrificed the most (25 million vs. 300,000 total

Global Nuclear Confrontation

•The Soviet army had at its command over 260 divisions. •The United States, in contrast, had reduced its forces by 1947 to little more than a single division. •American military planners were forced to adopt a nuclear strategy in face of the overwhelmingly superiority of Soviet forces. • They would deter any Soviet attack by setting in place a devastating atomic counterattack.

•For the next quarter century, the U.S. and the USSR would engage in a nuclear arms race that constantly increased the destructive capability of both sides.

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“Losing China”•Truman was preoccupied with Europe. •Events in Asia would soon bring charges from Republicans that the Democrats were letting the Communists win.•After “losing” China, the United States sought to shore up friendly Asian regimes.